Teaching quality is considered one of the foundations of student achievement and institutional performance. Consequently, linking in-service training (INSET) and teacher professional development (TPD) to student outcomes has been at the forefront of education research. This inquiry focuses on how to improve accessibility and participation in INSET and TPD programs to enhance teaching quality and revitalize the Philippine education system. Accessibility issues, allocation practices, and implementation challenges of INSET and TPD programs are examined. By triangulating data from document reviews with insights gathered from key informant interviews with sector experts and focus group discussions with teachers, key gaps that hinder the achievement of intended outcomes are highlighted. Findings reveal that while training opportunities exist and needs assessments are in place, outcomes are impeded by inequitable access, inconsistent funding, and a lack of alignment with evolving pedagogical needs. Moreover, logistical barriers, such as geographic constraints and workload concerns, prevent full participation in TPD programs. To address these challenges, comprehensive recommendations for the Department of Education (DepEd), policymakers, and educational institutions are presented, aimed at ensuring equitable access to INSET and TPD programs through increased funding, integration of digital learning tools, and institutionalization of sustainable training frameworks. Educational institutions can implement school-based professional learning communities, strengthen mentorship programs, and encourage data-driven approaches to professional growth. By enhancing INSET and TPD programs through strategic reforms and evidence-based interventions, the Philippines can cultivate a high-quality teaching workforce capable of addressing the evolving landscape and demands of 21st-century education. A renewed commitment to teacher development will not only enhance instructional quality but also pave the way for a more inclusive, innovative, and resilient education system that empowers both teachers and learners.
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